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SIY10.TXT
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SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 47
Chapter 10
Error and Blunder
In this chapter you will learn about your mistakes.
You will need:
a) To think.
Mistakes have been made before. If you haven't made any mistakes while
learning to survey, then it can only be because you are not learning. You were
smart to skim the entire book first. Just wait until you have actually tried
some of this!
The way to keep from making a fool of yourself is to keep track of your
mistakes. It does you much less than no good to have the answer, but then not
know how good that answer is. No fool like a confident fool.
Error is part of all numerical measurement. In most surveying situations, you
can never know what the correct answer is. The best which you can do is to
come close. And to know about how close.
Mistakes come in two kinds. The kind with which you are most familiar, the BIG
ones, are blunders. Blunders are big enuf so that they are obvious once you
have found them. They occur only occasionally. You hope. Blunders can be
eliminated. Once caught, the blunder is corrected.
Error is the sum of all the little mistakes. The ones which are so small that
you can't even see the little buggers, let alone catch 'em. The best you can
do is to keep your errors small. In terms which even a Neanderthal could
understand, error is like being eaten by worms. Blunder is like being eaten by
a cave bear.
The compass is the most important source of error when surveying with this
method. The one best thing which you can do to improve the quality of your
surveying is to take backsights. This is little extra trouble, especially if
you have an assistant with an extra compass. I usually accept a one degree
difference between the compass and the backcompass. Anything more is blunder,
and the compasses are read again. If you don't take backsights, at least take
two compass readings. The worst problem with the Silva Ranger is that you can
sight it while tilted and not know it. This binds the needle and causes
blunder.
Always check that you have not made the blunder of binding the compass needle.
Eliminate the blunder by holding the compass level. When the blunder is gone,
it's gone.
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 48
Another cause of compass error is to have the needle perturbed by nearby iron
or steel. A backsight usually catches this blunder.
Compared with compass error, the error contributed by the tape and clinometer
are minor. Table 4 shows the calculated theoretical errors for several
combinations of instrument errors.
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 49
Table 4
A Table of Errors
COMPASS TAPE INCLINOMETER TOTAL COMMENTS
error error error error
degrees % degrees %
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
0.5 0.1 2 0.88 excellent compass
2 0.1 2 3.49 poor compass
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
1 0.2 2 1.76 tape to 2 tenths
1 1 2 2.01 tape to one foot
1 5 2 5.30 tape to five feet
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
1 0.1 4 1.76 poor clinometer
1 0.1 10 2.32 guess clinometer
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
1 5 5 6.11 compass & pace
2 10 10 10.7 compass & guess
5 10 10 13.4 quick compass & guess
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
0 0.1 2 0.12 tape & incl error only
1 0 2 1.75 compass & incl error only
1 0.1 0 1.75 compass & tape error only
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 50
For those of you who prefer English to numbers,
BE CAREFUL WITH THE COMPASS!
You can measure the distance to only the nearest foot, guess at the
inclination, and still nearly all of the error comes from the compass.
How many more ways can I say it? Take a good compass reading, then repeat your
compass reading. Then take a backsight. Or two.
These theoretical errors can be considered to be the expected closure error.
In practice, you should reject any survey with a percent closure error of more
than the theoretical error for your instruments. You have blundered. Go do it
again. If you don't survey in loops so that you can check the closure, you
won't catch those blunders.
If you are in a situation where you can't do it again, consult. There are some
mathematical tricks which might save a bad job. Usually the easiest way is to
just resurvey it.
The error in the location of a station is the percent theoretical error times
the distance from where you knew you were right. The error in the acreage of a
parcel is approximately 1.5 times the percent theoretical error, times the
acreage.
The second commonest source of gross blunder, after faulty instrument
technique, is faulty recording technique. I always have my recorder repeat
each number after recording. I make an office copy of the notes while they are
still fresh in my mind.
Be sure that you know which station goes with what numbers. This is especially
important if you took multiple compass readings or are branching. The recorder
should also be sure that all data are recorded before allowing the instrument
operator to move on to the next station.
The third commonest gross blunder is reading the wrong end of the compass.
This is all too easy to do, even with the Silva Ranger. Keeping track of what
you are doing with a sketch map helps.
The fourth gross blunder is lost survey notes. I offer no easy solution.
By taking backsights and rejecting loops with bad closure, it is possible to
achieve an error of about 0.5% using the Silva Ranger compass. If you need
more than 99.5% accuracy, you need better instruments. You probably should
hire a professional surveyor for the job. Do the preliminary survey yourself
so that the surveyor doesn't waste any of his expensive time. It will also
keep him honest.
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 51
If you have determined an error in surveying a line, you may distribute the
error according any of a number of schemes. All of them require more
arithmetic than I would do by hand.
Dave Beiter
CAVE Inc
1/2 Fast Road
Ritner, KY 42639
606/376-3137